Electrostatic deposition coating system

ABSTRACT

Electrostatic deposition spray coating systems in which water base paints, teflon coatings and other highly conductive materials are sprayed utilize the conductive fluid in a paint conduit of insulating material for connecting an ionizing electrode to the high voltage power supply of the system. Higher operator safety is accomplished by mixing the conductive coating material fluid and air internally prior to ejecting it through an air cap and by limiting the exposed portion of the ionizing electrode to a short needle point or knife edge.

United States Patent [1 1 Walberg [4 1 July 29, 1975 1 1 ELECTROSTATIC DEPOSITION COATING SYSTEM [75] Inventor: Arvid C. Walberg, Lombard, Ill.

[73] Assignee: Arvid C. Walberg & Co., Downers Grove, Ill.

[22] Filed: July 30, 1973 21 Appl. No.: 384,128

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 237,523, March 23, 1972, Pat. No. 3,774,844, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 24,104, March 31, 1970, abandoned.

[52] US. Cl 239/3; 239/ [51] Int. Cl. B05b 5/02 [58] Field of Search 239/3, 15

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,048,498 8/1962 .luvinall et a1 239/15 X 3,248,059 4/1966 Fischer et a1. 239/15 3,677,470 7/1972 Probst et a1 239/15 3,747,850 7/1973 Hastings ct a1. 239/3 3,764,068 10/1973 Lacchia 239/3 Primary'Examiner-M. Henson Wood, .lr. Assistant ExaminerMichael Mar Attorney, Agent, or FirmMason, Albright & Stansbury [57] ABSTRACT Electrostatic deposition spray coating systems in which water base paints, teflon coatings and other highly conductive materials are sprayed utilize the conductive fluid in a paint conduit of insulating material for connecting an ionizing electrode to the high voltage power supply of the system. Higher operator safety is accomplished by mixing the conductive coating material fluid and air internally prior to ejecting it through an air cap and by limiting the exposed portion of the ionizing electrode to a short needle point or knife edge.

13 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures SHEET PATENTEBJULZS I975 I ll SHEET PATENTEB JUL 2 9 I975 1 ELEcrRosT Tic D s ioNpdgt'f c i QSYSTEMWZ systems and more particularly to methods and apparatus for safe operation of electrostatic coating systems which spray highly conductive coating material.

Air pollution due to conventional paintso lvents is a problemthat must be solved; .By, substituting waterbase paints for solvent-base paints, the air pollution problem is virtually eliminated. Water vapor .dis charged into the atmosphere is not harmful and is fully acceptable to all air pollution regulation agencies. Paint manufacturers have spent millions of dollars in the development of water-base paint. These paints are used primarily in electrophoretic coating systems which are similar in operation to .a plating system. There are several limitations of electrophoretic coating systems however such as high cost of equipment, single coat application, limited color change possibilities, limited film thickness, precision control requirements, expensive ware precleaning equipment, spoilage of large tanks of paint'and thelimited flexibilityof the entire system. A good electrostatic spray gun can eliminate or reduce some of these limitations and expand the use of water-base coatings very substantiallytThe technology of el'ectrophoretic coating produced at great expense by the paint manufacturers can readily be converted to the field of electrostatic spraying t'o expandthe total market for water-base coatings of this type. The spray gun disclosure herein will contribute to the expansion of this new paint technology. y

Water-base coatings have also been availablefor several years on the domestic market for house painting and similar projects. In order to paint a woodenframe house with an electrostatic hand gun ithas been helpful to make the paint as conductive as possible. A-solventbase paint with a resistance as low as 200,000 to 400,000 ohms with a Fischer meter has been used. With the gun disclosure herein water base paint may be applied to a frame houseelectrostatically. The lower resistance of the water-base material (about 400 r0500 ohms with a Fischer meter) makes the ele'ctrostatic a'pplication more effective. The wooden siding bec omes more conductive over the surfacethr'ough'theapp'lied wet film thereby causing the electrostatic fieldto function more efficiently. The gun in this disclosurefc'an be used very effectively for contract painting when waterbase coatings are used. It will spray wood, brick, concrete and plaster surfaces electrostatically.

Another large potential market for electrostatic spraying of water solutions is in the agricultural industry. It can be'used to spray fieldsandorchards and since electrostatically charged particles'wi'll 'coatthe underside of leaves as well as top surfaces it"will befar more effective in doing the intended job Fiheii'atomiz ation without corresponding excessive wa's te due to the fine particles becomingairborn and'bei'ng'carried away, from the product is one of the importantadvantages. Thinner more complete films canibe applied with a very substantial r'eduction in material usage. :By using herbicides, insecticides and other chemicalsin" much smaller quantities, the problems of air and water pollution can be greatly reduced.

Other nozzles such as external-mix air atomization and hydraulic atomization can use the principles of this 5 invention as well when water-base or highly conductive solutions are to be sprayed.

Oil-base paints-and other high resistance materials can also be used in the gun by adjusting these materials with chemical additives into a more conductive range. A water-alcohol solution or other similar solution can be added. Acids will alsotend to make paints more conductive. 'Acids are frequently added to give good bonding characteristics and would serve a dual purpose. A resistance up to several hundred megohms in a 25 feet 0 inches insulated paint hose can be tolerated. The maximum resistance permitted in the order of 250 megohms at 60,000 volts. Higher resistances can be permitted at higher voltage. in general the paint resistance required is substantially below that permitted in prior art electrostatic hand guns.

' Because water-base coatings are highly conductive, a new'and different technology is required to handle these coatings electrostatically. Prior art air atomizing electrostatic automatic spray guns have been used to spray water-base materials but these guns cannot be readily adapted to manual operation. These guns have also used external-mix air-atomizing techniques that call for discharging a stream of fluid into the atmo sphere forward of the gun and atomizing this fluid with "jets of compressed air. Since water-base materials are rather difficult to atomize, high air pressures and large volumes of compressed air are used in the atomization process. This causes high spray velocity and lowers operating efficiency. This problem is mkrcome with the internal-mix air cap of this invention.

Prior art manual electrostatic spray guns grounded the paint column at or near the handle of the gun and thehigh voltage shorted out through the paint column if conductive water-base paint was used in the gun. Theseguns have also been equipped with a high voltage cable and a current limiting resistor in the gun. This added extra weight to the gun and reduced maneuverability. The prior art electrostatic hand guns also used external mix air atomization. or hydraulic atomization and this means of atomization has various limitations. External-mix atomization tends to be wasteful, particu' larly where water-base coatings are concerned, since large volumes of high velocity are required as previously mentioned. Hydraulicv atomization tends to be wasteful also by applying excessive film thickness on the work. The extra film thickness represents wasted paint even though the paint is on the product. This invention relates primarily to an internal-mix air nozzle made of insulating material used in connection with water base or other conductive paint and having an electrostatic field applied to a sharp ionizing electrode tip at the nozzle with the high voltage connection completed through the fluid line.

The internal-mix air cap has been used in conventional non-electrostatic spray equipment but its use has steadily diminished over the years. It was displaced by guns using external-mix air caps. The external mix gun provided a higher quality of finish, higher speed and greater flexibility. When adapting the external-mix air cap to high speed electrostatic hand guns, however, the high air pressures of 50 to 100 psi and the high air volume consumption tended to increase spray velocity,

3 hinder good electrostatic operation and lower operating efficiency. An internal mix air cap requires much less compressed air volume to achieve the same atomization at the same speed of operation. This results in higher operating efficiency when this basic construction is used in a high speed electrostatic spray gun.

Since water-base paint is highly conductive, it has substantial capacitance and tends to provide an uncomfortable electrical discharge. Since water-base paint is non-flammable, this is not a serious objection, however. The sprayer can also learn to refrain from touching the charged front end of the gun. This problem is equivalent to working with a hot soldering iron. A worker can handle this problem without difficulty and will not burn himself.

The disclosed invention overcomes this disruptive discharge problem to some degree. Prior art guns used a concept known as low effective capacitance are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,048,498; 3,169,882, and 3,169,883, but this concept cannot apply to water base paints since the entire paint supply becomes charged to high voltage and the resultant capacitance is substantially greater than several micro-micro-farads and greater than a 3-centimeter sphere as discussed in U.S. Pat. 3,048,498. The guns disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 cannot handle water base paints. The spinning bell hand gun cannot electrostatically atomize water base paints since the material is too conductive. The hydraulically atomizing gun has a short column of paint serving as a resistor and when water base paint is used in the gun this short paint column is highly conductive and the disruptive discharge from the front of the gun would be extremely uncomfortable if approached too closely by a spray operator. The patent teaches that the paint column in the gun must have high resistance.

The spray guns of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882 also suffer from similar limitations. The FIG. 1 gun is an automatic gun and if supplied with water-base paint from a paint source insulated from ground will provide a very uncomfortable arc because of a high capacitance discharge if approached too closely by a spray operator. The gun has an excessive amount of exposed charged metal. Disruptive discharges can occur from the exposed metal surfaces. The excessive exposure of charged metal also lowers operating efficiency. The gun utilizes an external-mix air cap and requires an excessive volume of compressed air to function properly when operating at high speed. The gun cannot be used as a hand gun. The FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 hand guns ground the paint column at the handle and would provide a short circuit for the high voltage if conductive paint was used in the gun. These guns also utilize a high voltage cable and a current limiting resistor in the gun. This increases weight and reduces maneuverability.

The spray guns of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,883 have the same limitations as the guns shown in U.S. Pat. 3,169,882. All guns would either are excessively because of large exposed charged metal surfaces or a conductive paint would short out to grounded portions of the gun.

My previous U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,551 contemplates the use of water base paints in an automatic gun but does not permit use of water base paints in the hand gun. The automatic gun would produce an uncomfortable are if used with water base paint since an electrical connection is made directly to the metal in the head of the gun without use of an intervening resistance. The handgun would short circuit the high voltage to the grounded handle of the gun if water base or highly conductive paint is used.

My U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,551 also discloses an external mix air cap but does not disclose an internal mix air cap. Material is atomized according to this patent after it is ejected into atmosphere at the forward end of the gun. My present invention atomizes the paint prior to ejection into the atmosphere.

My present internal-mix electrostatic spray gun is not only more efficient because of the substantial reduction in amount of compressed air used, but it also can handle water-base or conductive paint with ease and at the same time it can be made relatively safe by minimizing disruptive discharges even though very high capaci' tance conductive material is used in the gun. This applies to high capacitance metal structures within the gun as well as conductive coating materials being sprayed. My previous concept calling for an insulating shield over all charged metal with minimum exposure of a sharp tip or edge in the zone of atomization should be as fully employed as possible to provide nonarcing or minimal-arcing operation with conductive coatings. The nature of the exposed metal must be far more carefully taken into consideration when high capacitance conductive coating materials are used.

An all-metal or highly conductive electrode can be made nonarcing and safe from an ignition or comfort standpoint if its true capicitance is below specified limits at given operating voltage and its current supply is limited by specified values of resistance as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498. A l centimeter radius metal sphere is safe when charged to 100,000 volts d.c. through a 1000 megohm resistor for example. A 3 centimeter radius sphere charged to 50,000 volts d.c. through a 4,000 megohm resistor is also safe but not quite as safe as the first example. The above examples are less safe when the capacitance is increased, the voltage increased or the resistance is decreased. The opposite is true if the capacitance and voltage are decreased while the resistance is increased.

The gun of the present invention provides for the safe use of conductive coatings and charged metal electrodes that, in combination, provide a capacitance that is well in excess of the three centimeter radius sphere contemplated as the maximum permissible under the theory taught in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498. The gun of this disclosure will also permit the use of much lower resistances than the specified 1,000 megohm resistor when the total capacitance is as low as that of a one centimeter radius sphere.

When a high capacitance metal electrode equivalent to a 3 cm radius metal sphere is built into the gun it is possible to reduce the required resistance substantially below the values specified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 by adding an insulating shield over the charged metal and exposing only a sharp ionizing electrode in the zone of atomization as taught in my previous U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,056,557 and 3,251,551. The arcing from a sharp exposed tip is very low but is higher from other surfaces on the same metal electrode and an insulating shield provides the needed protection for these other surfaces. 7

Adding extra resistance as the capacitance increases as taught in the U.S Pat. No. 3,048,498 is effective for the lower capacities only. The extra resistance causes a severe drop in operating efficiency when values of 500 megohms and above are used in air-atomizing or hydraulic atomizing electrostatic spray guns. Lower values of resistanc are preferred for maximum operating efficiency.

Making the electrode out of semi-conductive material when higher capacities are encountered is satisfactory for items like the spinning bell in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,498 patent but the patent does not teach how to handle conductive coating materials such as water-base paints with their inherent high capacities.

Higher capacitance metals or conductive coating materialscan be made non-arcing or the arcing minimized in my present gun by fully employing the teaching of my U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,056,557 and 3,251,551. This calls for an insulating shield over all conducting surfaces ex cept the extreme sharp tip of the needle point. Even the shank of the needle must be insulated since an uncomfortable arc can be drawn from any smooth surface. A sharp-edged electrode must have an insulating shield bonded to all surfaces with only the edge itself exposed. The sharp edge or point will drain off the electrical energy stored in the high capacitance of the charged metal or conductive coating material thus lowering the voltage to safe non-arcing levels. While the small radius of curvature of a fine wire of about 0.020 inches in diameter is considered sharp in prior art devices, for the purpose of my present disclosures, I desire to have the exposed sharp points or edges to have a radius of curvature in the order of 0.001 inches or less. This permits a much higher capacity such as a large volume of conductive coating material to be discharged safely.

Prior art patents a number of which issued subsequent to my U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,056,557 and 3,251,551 disclosed exposed charged surfaces that have a relatively large radius of curvature and this causes disruptive discharges that are unsafe and uncomfortable when high capacitance material is directly connected electrically to these exposed surfaces. This occurs even though a resistor is used in the high voltage circuit. It applies to the entire gun body of FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882, the length of exposed fine wire electrode of FIG. 4 and FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,882, and the exposed fine wire of FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,169,883. All exposed needle electrodes should have a bonded insulating material applied to the surfaces so that only the tip of the needle is exposed. All fine wire electrodes should preferably be sharpened to a needle point and the shank of the wire coated with high grade insulating material. All sharp-edged orifices or fluid tips should be fully coated with insulating material right up to the sharp edge itself. Tungsten carbide orifices should have a tiny needle tip or tips affixed to the orifice and the entire exposed surface coated with insulating material for the needle tip or tips. This latter item will also eliminate the need for an offset needle point since the tungsten carbide orifice with its protruding electrode points will serve as its own electrode.

It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved electrostatic deposition coating system.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic spray coating system which is capable of spraying highly conductive materials.

An additional object is to provide an electrostatic deposition coating system wherein high voltage is applied to an ionizing electrode projecting forwardly from the head of a spray gun without a column of conductive coating material which is to be sprayed by the gun.

Still another object is to provide an electrostatic deposition spray coating system wherein an electrode extending forwardly from the head of an insulation covered spray gun is charged to high voltage through conducting fluid material and the conductive fluid material is atomized by internal mixing with air so that only atomized 'spray is ejected from the spray gun.

A still further object is to provide a system in accordance with the aforementioned objective, wherein the charging electrode protruding from the head has only the tip of a sharp point of knife edge exposed to the atmosphere.

Further objects and advantages will become apparent from the filing detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electrostatic deposition hand gun which forms a portion of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the air cap portion of the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1 taken along the line 2-2;

FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the air cap shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 taken along the line 3-3 in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a front elevational view of a modified air cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a front elevational view of another modified form of air cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of still another air cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 6 taken along the line 7-7;

FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 6 taken along the line 88;

FIG. 9 is a front elevational view of yet another modified form of air cap which may be utilized in the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 9 taken along the line 10l0;

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the air cap illustrated in FIG. 9 taken along the line 1l11;

FIG. 12 view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention of which the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1 forms a part;

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a modification of the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 12; and

FIG. 14 is another modification of the preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 12.

While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail, embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosures are to be considered as exemplifications of the principles of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. The scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims.

FIG. 1 shows an internal mix air atomizing electrostatic hand gun designed to handle water-base paints and other conductive materials. The gun consists of a grounded handle portion 46 of conventional construction. It consists of a manual trigger 47 that operates an air valve 54. Trigger 47 is pivotably mounted on the handle by a shaft 51. Air valve 54 seats against insert 55 which is threaded into handle portion 46. A plug 56 is threaded in insert 55 to receive rod 48 and seal it against air leakage. The valve is opened by compressing-a spring 50 when valve rod 48 is pushed by the trigger 47. This turns on the atomizing air to the gun.

I When the trigger of the gun is depressed further the upper portion of the trigger contacts the rear of a valve rod 41 forcing it back against a spring 40 thus causing fluid to flow through a fluid orifice 14 by pulling back a needle valve 19 and thus opening fluid orifice 14. The valve rod 41 and needle valve 19 are connected together by an insulating valve rod 36, a No. 20 cap screw 22, a bellows swivel connection 21, and a swivel cap 20.

Compressed air is supplied to the gun by means of an air hose connected to a hose connection 57 at the base of the handle of the gun. The compressed air enters a passageway 53, flows through air valve 54 and insert 55 into a passageway 52, flows through the metal handle portion of the gun into an insulating barrel 26 and through a passageway 35 formed between barrel 26 and insulating valve rod 36. Insulating barrel 26 has an inert 37 threaded onto its rear end. A retaining ring 38 is threaded onto a block 40 to secure barrel 26 thereto. Block 40 is secured to the handle portion 46 by a nut 44 and a bolt 45. A sleeve 39 surrounds valve rod 41. Air leakage around rod 41 is prevented by seal 42 secured by plug 43 threaded into block 40.

At the front of insulating barrel 26, lateral passageways allow the compressed air to enter an insulating head 25 near the back. Insulating head 25 is threaded onto the forward end of barrel 26, and air leakage between them is prevented by an o-ring 27 mounted in an annular slot in barrel 26. The air moves forward through the head 25 by way of passageways 17 into side ports 16 and connecting passages of a metal fluid tip 13 to atomize the paint internally in the chamber ahead of fluid orifice 14 formed by an air cap 10 secured against fluid tip 13 by a retaining ring 18. The atomized spray is discharged through a slot 12 in the form of an atomized fan shaped spray. The slot 12 measures 0.032 inches wide in this one specific embodiment of the invention.

The fluid passes through a shielded fluid hose 63 which is composed of a conduit 32 and a braided metal shield 61, which surrounds conduit 32. Shield 61 is maintained at ground potential. The braided metal shield 61 is terminated in an end fitting 58 and held in place by a clamp 59. The insulated fluid conduit 32 is made of polyethylene, nylon or other suitable insulating material to insulate against electrical breakdown from the charged conductive fluid in passageway 33 formed by conduit 32 and the grounded metal shield 61. The conductive fluid moves through passageway 33 and enters the insulated gun head through a threaded fitting 28 flowing into chamber 34 and passing out throughmetal fluid orifice 14 when the needle valve 19 is opened.

Fluid is sealed in chamber 34 to prevent leakage into air passageway 35 by a metal bellows 23 having end connections. A bellows flange 24 provides the rear bellows connection. This fitting is soldered to the metal bellows 23 and clamped between barrel 26 and head 25 to prevent fluid leakage. The bellows swivel connection 21 is soldered to the forward end of the bellows 23.

Swivel cap 20 seals against fluid leakage into air chamber 35. Atomizing air pressure is applied to the interior surfaces of bellows 23 while fluid pressure is applied to exterior surfaces of bellows 23. The bellows 23 is used to permit axial movement of needle valve 19, insulating valve rod 36 and valve rod 41 to open the fluid valve and allow conductive fluid to flow through orifice 14 where it is atomized in the chamber just ahead of orifice 14 and discharged through slot 12.

Referring to FIGS. 1 throgh 3, the internal mix air cap 10 is made of a suitable electrical insulating material such as polyvinylchloride, nylon, celcon, delrin or polyethylene and is removably mounted on metal fluid tip 13 by the mounting ring 18 which is threaded onto insulating head 25. Mounting ring 18 is also made of a suitable electrical insulating material.

Air cap 10 has a sharp protruding needle point ionizing electrode tip 11. Only the sharp tip is exposed. It protrudes about 1/32 of an inch or less from the surface of the air cap 10 to prevent arcing from exposed smooth surfaces. It electrically contacts the metal fluid tip 13 at its rear end.

If the needle point is allowed to project any distance ahead of plastic air cap 10 it is necessary to place an insulating coating over the shank of the needle and allow only the sharp tip to be exposed. If the gun is operated as an automatic gun and a disruptive discharge can be avoided by maintaining adequate clearance between the electrode tip and the grounded ware it is permissible to make the air cap 10 of metal and project the electrode tip 11 ahead of the air cap 10 by a distance in the order of one fourth inch.

FIGS. 4 through 11 illustrate four modifications of the air cap 10 which may be utilized on the hand gun illustrated in FIG. 1 in place of air cap 10. Corresponding numbers with different suffixes indicate corresponding elements of the various modifications of the air caps.

FIG. 4 shows an alternate air cap 10a with two electrode tips 11a. FIG. 5 shows an alternate air cap 10b with four electrical tips 11b. FIG. 6 shows three views of an air cap with a knife-edge electrode 11c. The knife-edge electrode is coated with insulating material except for the sharp edge itself. A metal conductor in air cap 100 of FIG. 6 connects the knife edge with the metal fluid tip 13. With just the sharp edge exposed the current leakage on close approach to ground is at a maximum and this helps drain the energy stored in the high capacitance of the charged metal mass and in the charged conductive coating material. This eliminates a disruptive discharge when the output from the transformer is limited to safe levels. The transformer output can be controlled with a high value resistor, internal resistance, poor regulation or controlled limited input. These methods of limiting transformer output are well known to those skilled in the art.

FIGS. 9 through 11 show an alternate metal air cap 10d with a sharp ionizing edge 11a on either side of a slot 12d. The air cap 10d is shielded by an insulating coating 80 bonded to the metal except at the tip of the ionizing edge 11d. This construction concentrates the electrostatic field at the tip of the ionizing edge 11d and applies a maximum charge on the atomized spray particles. Numerous alternate arrangements of air caps and electrodes are feasible without departing from the basic scope of this invention.

, i *9 M i The ffor fsprayinghof waterf base' 6; other highly conductive coatings is more fully shownin FIG.

12. In this drawingtheispray guri lollli scnriected to a pressure tank 66 filledfwith conduet'iveifluid. The inis covered with a braided ground shield g8 li t o fur'ther protect the operator from accidental .shockl' This shielded fluidhose extends from a pointabout 8 inches behind the nozzle to a point within about 18 inches of the charged pressure tank.

. iTheflui'd in base 3 will have a small inherent electri- .cal.resistance. With a 10 feet inch long by inch inside diameter insulating fluid hose filled with ordinary tap water the resistance from one end of the hose to the other is 1.5 megohms. This resistance will vary directly with the length of hose and inversely with the cross sectional area of the fluid passageway throughthe hose. This means that the hose length and inside diameter can be varied to produce improved resultsby controlling the total resistance in the circuit. The'lerigth and diameter is limited only by the convenience of the spray operator and the desired flow rate'. A hose with a very small inside diameter would produce low flow rate.

An outside white, latex, water-base paint found to be much more conductive than tap water. Reducing this paint-with water in the ratioof 2:1 lowered the viscosity'to sprayable range of 22 seconds in a Sears viscosity cup. This compares with a viscosityof water of 17.5 seconds. When placed in the spray gun of the disclosure the resistance through a ten foot length of A inch i.d. nylon fluid hose was only 250,000'6'hms compared with the 1,500,000 ohms of tap water. Thefluid hose length should be increased to 25 feet 0' inch or more and the inside diameter reduced to hel'p minimize arcing at the electrode of the gun with thisipaint.

The paint tested was as follows:

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Sun-proof Latex house paint ,(White) Pigment 1. Titanium Dioxide 65.8% 2. Silica and Silicates 34.2% 1 Vehicle 65.5%

1. Nonvolatile 33.2%

a. Alkyd modified vinyl resin 96.8% b. Fungicide 3 ;2%:;- 2. Volatile (water) 66.8%

contents have very substantial capacitance. Even when the pressure tank is made of insulating material its conductive-contents has very substantial capacitance.

A high voltage electrical connection is completed from a transformer 64 to platform 67 through a high "valve of resistance 65. An example of resistance used was 250 megohms with 60,000 volts negative D.C. transformer output. The resistor may be built into the transformer so that it oil-immersed, for cooling. A length. of cable can be can be used between the resistor 65 and platform 67 for convenience. For example, a 25 feet 0 inch long cable Amphenol RG/llU is satisfactory; This cable has a ground shield that can be stripped back about 18 inches from both ends. The cable added substantial capacitance to the pressure tank 66 and its contents. If the pressure tank 66 is made of insulating 1 material to protect the operator froma disruptive discharge the high voltage connection must be. completed directly to the conductive fluid within the tank. The

platform 67 may also be made of insulating material and all exposed charged metal should be covered with an insulating shield.

* 4 The second terminal of the high voltage transformer "64 is grounded and a product 78 being sprayed is also grounded to complete the circuit. The charging current passes from the transformer 64 through the resistor 65 1 into metal platform 67, pressure tank 66, and through the column of conductive paint in the insulated paint hose 32 and into head 25 of spray gun 100; The current flows to electrode 11 and flows off of the ionizing tip The primary of the transformer 64 is supplied with 110 volt single phase power. An airflow switch (not shown) operated by the atomizing air fed to the spray gun may trigger the 1 10 volt line so that the high voltage is on only when the gun is spraying.

lated supply line 70. It passes through an air regulator Compressed air is fed to the system through an insu- 71 where the air pressure fed to the space above the I a paint in pressure tank 66 is controlled. This causes the paint to flow at a constant pressure from the pressure tank 66 to spray gun 100. V

Compressed air is also fed to an air regulator 72 where the atomizing air pressure to gun 100 is controlled. Atomizing air at controlled pressure is delivered through an insulating air hose 76 to gun 100. The

hose 76 may be made of nylon, polyethylene or the like. If an air flow switch is used to trigger the high voltage transformer it would be placed in air line 76 to turn on the 1 10 volt supply to the transformer when atomizing air flows through the line.

' The atomizing air pressure, the fluid pressure, fluid orifice size and air orifice size determines the fluid delivery and operating speed of the spray gun. Below is a may be made of metal or insulatinggmaterial. It is normally of substantial size to hold "a productionquantity of coating material. The size may no rinally vary from 'l'gallon to gallons'but other sizes arepermissible.

v x l specific air cap and fluid tip combination shown in the Because of its size the pressure tank and it'sfconductive chart.

Fluid pressure (water) Atomising air pressure Fluid flow (GPH) Air consumption (SCFM) Spray fan width 15" in front of gun) The fan width increases as the air pressure is increased. The fluid delivery decreases as the atomizing air pressure increases. The degree of atomization improves as the air pressure is increased or the fluid pressure is decreased. For this reason a high degree of precision is required in controlling atomizing air and fluid pressure.

If the paint cannot be made conductive, a small diameter core of semi-conductive polyethylene or the like can be placed in the fluid hose to complete the electrical connection to the head of the gun. The paint would flow around the semi-conductive core through the fluid hose. The maximum resistance of the core would be about 250 megohms at 60,000 volts to keep the operating efficiency high. Higher resistances tend to reduce operating efficiency somewhat.

Referring to-FIG. 13, a form of multiple gun system in accordance with the invention is illustrated. Similar elements to'the elements showing in FIG. 12 are similarly numbered with distinguishing suffixes.

A paint container or pressure tank 66a can be kept in a central paint mixing room. The central paint mixing room can be as much as several hundred feet from the spray booth. A high voltage unit 64a will also be in the paint mixing room and the electrical connection is made directly through a suitable resistor 65a to the paint tank. The tank is insulated from ground so that it can be charged to high voltage.

The paint and electrical distribution systems are combined into a single system for delivering paint to each of the electrostatic guns and charging the spray particles electrostatically. An insulated pipe 87 such as polyvinylchloride, nylon or the like is connected to the paint source and is piped where necessary throughout the painting area. Several spray guns 100a, 101 and 102 may be connected to the paint line and operated independently. A remote control fluid regulator can be used to control the coating fluid pressure to each gun. The fluid line 63a, 81, 82 to each gun also serves as a high voltage connection to the gun since as aforementioned water base coatings have very low resistance and function quite readily as a conductor of electrical current.

This is similar to the single gun hook-up but the paint tank is in a more remote location. While the fluid pressure to each gun is controlled by an air-loaded fluid pressure regulator, 83, 84 or 85, each sprayer can control his fluid pressure by adjusting an air regulator 86,

-87 or 88 respectively that supplies air pressure to the control dome of the respective fluid regulator. Air is supplied to the air regulators from air line 89.

The second multiple gun system in FIG. 14 utilizes an air-operated reciprocating pump 90 that is isolated from ground to supply paint under pressure to the spray guns. The paint is recirculated continuously to prevent settling out of solids of the coating material in a connected piping system 92. The piping system 92 consists of a delivery conduit 93 connected to the fluid regulators 83b, 84b and 85b, and the air supply connection to both a pressure tank 91 and the pump 90 is made of insulating material so that the high voltage charge will not short out through the air line.

The arrangements shown provide a convenient means of energizing several guns to high voltage simultaneously and require only one high voltage source per system. This substantially reduces the costof equipment and simplifies the installation. From a a safety standpoint it provides somewhat less of a shock than a system operating 'with a single gun. All guns draw some current thereby reducing the maximum current available at a single gun.

With the system shown each spray gun is energized continuously. If a gun is not being used it is supported from a hook in such a manner that the charged head of the gun has a clearance space to grounded items of 6 inches to l2 inches. When all guns are turned off at the termination of painting operations the high voltage transformer will also be turned off. A switch and pilot light in the spray booth can be used to remotely control the high voltage transformer.

I claim:

1. A coating system comprising:

a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake,

a container for holding coating material,

a high voltage supply connected between coating material in said container and work to be coated,

an electrically nonconductive fluid conduit having an internal cross sectional area and connecting said container and said intake to transport coating material from said container to said spray gun vbody passage, said conduit being sufficiently long in relationship to said cross sectional area to prevent arcing at the spray gun, and

means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating material at said spray gun.

2. A coating system comprising:

a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end and a shield of electrical non-conducting material sur' rounding all conducting portions in said forward end.

means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a multiplicity of needle points having only their sharp tips protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material, and

a high voltage supply connected between said means of applying an electrostatic field and work to be coated.

3. A coating system in accordance with claim 2, wherein said multiplicity of needles is not less than three.

4. A coating system comprising:

a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein having an intake,

a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end of said body,

means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating material at said spray gun comprising a sharp edge electrode with only its edge protruding from such shield of electrical nonconducting material.

5. A coating system comprising:

a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake,

a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end of said body,

means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp edge electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material, said electrode having an insulating shield bonded to all surfaces with only the extreme edge exposed, and

a high voltage supply connected between said sharp edge electrode and work to be coated.

6. A coating system according to claim 5, wherein the exposed edge of said sharp edge electrode has a radius of curvature not greater than the order of 0.001 inch.

7. An electrostatic coating system having a spray gun for atomizing coating material and a conduit connected to the spray gun to transport coating material to said gun wherein the improvement comprises,

a source of high voltage electricity connected between the coating material in said conduit and a circuit ground to provide a flow of electrical current through said coating material in the conduit to said spray gun,

a layer of conducting material surrounding the coating material in the conduit connected to said circuit ground, and

a layer of electrical nonconducting material insulating said coating material from said grounded layer of conducting material.

8. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7, wherein said spray gun has an externally exposed layer of electrically conducting material connected to said layer of conducting material surrounding the coating material in the conduit.

9. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 8, wherein said externally exposed layer of conducting material forms part of a handle for manually operating said spray gun.

10. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7 wherein said source of high voltage electricity is connected to the coating material in said conduit by connecting said source to a mass of said coating material before it flows into said conduit.

11. A coating system comprising:

a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake,

means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp tip electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material and having a radius of curvature not greater than the order of 0.001 inch.

12. The method of adjusting the electrical resistance of coating material in a coating material conduit connected between a source of coating material, which is connected to a source of high voltage, and an electrostatic spray gun to compensate for variance in the resistivity of coating materials comprising varying the length of the conduit and varying the internal diameter of the conduit.

13. The method of electrostatically spray coating semi conducting material comprising:

connecting a mass of water based coating material to a source of high voltage,

continuously transporting the coating material in a steady flow through a spray gun to atomize said coating material, and

spraying the surfaces of a semi-conductive material with the atomized coating material. 

1. A coating system comprising: a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake, a container for holding coating material, a high voltage supply connected between coating material in said container and work to be coated, an electrically nonconductive fluid conduit having an internal cross sectional area and connecting said container and said intake to transport coating material from said container to said spray gun body passage, said conduit being sufficiently long in relationship to said cross sectional area to prevent arcing at the spray gun, and means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating material at said spray gun.
 2. A coating system comprising: a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end and a shield of electrical non-conducting material surrounding all conducting portions in said forward end, means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a multiplicity of needle points having only their sharp tips protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material, and a high voltage supply connected between said means of applying an electrostatic field and work to be coated.
 3. A coating system in accordance with claim 2, wherein said multiplicity of needles is not less than three.
 4. A coating system comprising: a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein having an intake, a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end of said body, means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun connected to said coating material at said spray gun comprising a sharp edge electrode with only its edge protruding from such shield of electrical nonconducting material.
 5. A coating system comprising: a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake, a shield of electrical nonconducting material surrounding all conducting portions on the forward end of said body, means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp edge electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material, said electrode having an insulating shield bonded to all surfaces with only the extreme edge exposed, and a high voltage supply connected between said sharp edge electrode and work to be coated.
 6. A coating system according to claim 5, wherein the exposed edge of said sharp edge electrode has a radius of curvature not greater than the order of 0.001 inch.
 7. An electrostatic coating system having a spray gun for atomizing coating material and a conduit connected to the spray gun to transport coating material to said gun wherein the improvement comprises, a source of high voltage electricity connected between the coating material in said conduit and a circuit ground to provide a flow of electrical current through said coating material in the conduit to said spray gun, a layer of conducting material surrounding the coating material in the conduit connected to said circuit ground, and a layer of electrical nonconducting material insulating said coating material from said grounded layer of conducting material.
 8. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7, wherein said spray gun has an externally exposed layer of electrically conducting material connected to said layer of conducting material surrounding the coating material in the conduit.
 9. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 8, wherein said externally exposed layer of conducting material forms part of a handle for manually operating said spray gun.
 10. An electrostatic coating system as specified in claim 7 wherein said source of high voltage electricity is connected to the coating material in said conduit by connecting said source to a mass of said coating material before it flows into said conduit.
 11. A coating system comprising: a spray gun for atomizing and ejecting coating material into the atmosphere having a forward end provided with a passage therein said passage having an intake, means applying an electrostatic field to the atomized coating material ejected from said spray gun comprising a sharp tip electrode protruding from said shield of electrical nonconductive material and having a radius of curvature not greater than the order of 0.001 inch.
 12. The method of adjusting the electrical resistance of coating material in a coating material conduit connected between a source of coating material, which is connected to a source of high voltage, and an electrostatic spray gun to compensate for variance in the resistivity of coating materials comprising varying the length of the conduit and varying the internal diameter of the conduit.
 13. The method of electrostatically spray coating semi-conducting material comprising: connecting a mass of water based coating material to a source of high voltage, continuously transporting the coating material in a steady flow through a spray gun to atomize said coating material, and spraying the surfaces of a semi-conductive material with the atomized coating material. 